J11 Lakkhaṇa Jātaka

《吉相与阿黑》

本生经 11：瑞相鹿本生
阿黑因为愚蠢而失去了所有跟随者，吉相则带领它的鹿群安全地回家。

绘图/ 郑雪花
设计/ 王宗使
编译/ 自在居友
审稿/ 陈语

Luckie and Blackie

Jātaka 11: Lakkhaṇa Jātaka
Blackie, through his foolishness, loses all his followers while Luckie leads his herd home safely.

Readability level: Intermediate I
Illustrated by Tee Say Wah
Designed by Ong Chong Sai
Retold by Zi Zai Ju
Proofread by Michele & Sharon Ng


“具戒者能达到目的。” —— 一时，导师佛陀住在王舍城（Rājagaha）附近的竹林精舍
（Veḷuvana）时，开示关于提婆达多[1]。
“A virtuous person achieves his goal.” -- At one time, the Teacher, Lord Buddha, who was living in the Bamboo-grove (Veḷuvana) near Rājagaha, talked about Devadatta[1].

一时，提婆达多要求的五事[2]没有得逞。他便分裂僧团，带了五百位比丘住在象头山
（gayāsīsa，迦耶斯舍）。
Once, Devadatta did not obtain the (Buddha’s consent to implement) Five Rules[2] he had asked for, split the Saṅgha and left with five hundred bhikkhus to live at Gayāsīsa hill.

当比丘众的智慧已达成熟的时候，导师即知道此事，对两位上首弟子[3]，说道：
When the wisdom of these bhikkhus ripened; and knowing this, the Teacher called His two chief disciples[3], and said,

“舍利弗，依止你的五百位弟子赞同提婆达多的邪见，跟随他而去。现在他们的智慧已达成熟，你们带大批比丘到那里去，讲说正法，使他们证悟道果，并带他们回来。”
“Sāriputta, the five hundred pupils who were dependent on you but had consented to Devadatta’s wrong views had left with him. Now, their wisdom has come to maturity. Go there with many bhikkhus, preach the Dhamma to them. After enlightening them to the Path and the Fruition, bring them back.”

他们到了那里，以开示教法和显现神通来使他们证悟道果。
They went there, preached the Dhamma and revealed psychic power to enlighten them to the Path and the Fruition.

当时，提婆达多正在教导他的众多跟随者。当他看到两位（佛陀的）大弟子到来，以为他们是来加入他，便要与他们分享他的座位，但他们都拒绝了，并坐在恰当的位置。
At that time, Devadatta was preaching to followers. When he saw the two chief disciples (of the Buddha), he thought they were coming to join him. He offered to share his seats with them, but they declined and took their seat at another appropriate place.

提婆达多对僧众说法了整个晚上后，他效仿佛陀，让舍利弗尊者对僧众继续教法，舍利弗尊者答应了。提婆达多一躺下立刻就睡着了，因为他太累了，没有正念，也没有智慧。
Having preached the Dhamma the whole night, Devadatta imitated the Buddha’s way of asking Venerable Sāriputta to continue teaching the Dhamma to the bhikkhus, and Venerable Sāriputta agreed. Devadatta laid down and instantly fell asleep as he was tired, unmindful, and lacking in wisdom.

首先，舍利弗尊者对五百位年轻比丘教法。之后，目犍连尊者以显现神通的方式教导他们。五百位年轻比丘当场证得初果。[4]
First, Venerable Sāriputta taught the Dhamma to the five hundred young bhikkhus. Then, Venerable Moggallāna taught them by performing psychic power. The five hundred young bhikkhus attained Stream Entry Fruition (Sotāpattiphala) on the spot. [4]

第二天黎明，他们带了比丘众，从天空中，飞回到了竹林精舍。[5]
The next day at dawn, the two Venerables and the bhikkus returned to Veḷuvana through the sky. [5]

长老舍利弗到达后，向世尊顶礼，正站着，比丘众都向世尊赞叹长老，说：
While the Sāriputta Thera remain standing after his salutation to the Blessed One, the bhikkhus praised Venerable Sāriputta, saying to the Blessed One:

“尊者，我们的兄长—— 法将，真是光彩，由五百位比丘众簇拥着回来，而提婆达多已失去他的跟随众。”
“Bhante, our elder brother, the Captain of Dhamma, has returned in glory with the five hundred bhikkhus, whereas Devadatta had lost his followers.”

世尊说道：“诸比丘，舍利弗不只是现在光彩地由僧团亲属们簇拥回来，即使在过去也曾如此光彩；提婆达多不只是现在失去他的跟随众，即使在过去也是如此。”
The Blessed One replied: “Bhikkhus, it is not only now that Sāriputta returns in glory with his Saṅgha kins; he has done so in the past too. So has Devadatta, who has now lost his followers, as he has done in the past.”

比丘们请求世尊解释此事。世尊便说明隐秘的过去世因缘。
The bhikkhus asked the Blessed One to explain this to them. The Blessed One made clear the cause and condition that had been concealed by rebirth.

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在过去，有一位摩揭陀王在摩揭陀国的王舍城治理国家。那时菩萨投生鹿胎，长大后，它率领一千只鹿住在森林中。
In the past, in the city of Rājagaha in the kingdom of Magadha, the kingdom was ruled by a certain king of Magadha. At that time, the Bodhisatta was reborn as a stag. Growing up, he lived in the forest as the leader of a herd of a thousand deer.

它有两个孩子，一个名叫吉相，一个名叫阿黑。
He had two sons, Luckie and Blackie.

当它年老时，吩咐道：“孩子们，我现在老了，你们来保护这鹿群吧！”便交托给它们各五百只鹿。
When he grew old, he said: “Children, I am old now, you protect these herd.” and entrusted them with five hundred deer each.

至此后，便由这两只年轻的鹿来保护鹿群。
Since then, the two young stags took charge of protecting the herd.

在摩揭陀国，当谷物正在成熟、快进入收获季节时，森林中的鹿就会有危险。
In the Kingdom of Magadha, when the grains were ripening, near the harvest season, the deer in the forest faced danger.

为了杀掉这些吃谷物的鹿群，人们到处挖坑，钉立尖椿，安装石头机关，或放置欺骗式的平台陷阱，许多鹿遭遇灭亡。
To kill these deer that eat their grains, people dug pits, fixed stakes, set stone mechanical-traps, and laid deceitful snares here and there. Many deer were killed.

因此，当菩萨知道收获季节到来时，便叫了两个儿子，吩咐道：
Thus, when the Bodhisatta knew that it was harvest season, he called his two sons and said,

“孩子们，在这谷物成熟的季节，有许多鹿将会受害。我们年老的出去找一个地方周转度日。你们两个带领自己的鹿群，去森林的山脚，等谷物收割完后再回来！”
“Children, many deer will meet destruction this harvest time. Those of us who are old will find a place to spend our days. Both of you should lead your herd to the foothills of the forest. Come back after the crops have been harvested.”

它们说道：“好的。”按照父亲的建议，它们带领自己的跟随众离开了。
“Very good,” they said. On their father's advice, they went off with their followers.

但是，人们知道鹿群到山脚去的那条必经之路，也知道：“这是鹿上山的时间；这是鹿下山的时间。”它们经常在各个地方埋伏隐蔽，射杀成群的鹿。
However, the people were aware of the route the deer take to go to the hill. They also know, “This is the time the deer will climb up the hill, the time the deer will go down the hill.” They concealed in hiding places here and there. They shot and killed many deer.

愚蠢的阿黑不知道：“哪些时间可以走，哪些时间不可以走。”它带领鹿群不管朝夕、黄昏或黎明赶路，甚至去到村口。
Foolish Blackie did not know, “When to go and when not to.” He led the herd of deer, regardless of whether it was daytime or night time, dusk or dawn, and even went to the entrance of the village.

四处埋伏或公然站着的人们，杀戮了许许多多的鹿。
So, the people who ambushed or were mere bystanders, killed many deer.

由于阿黑的愚蠢，导致许多鹿灭亡，只有少数（的鹿）进入了森林。
Due to Blackie’s foolishness, many deer were killed; only a few entered the forest.

相反地，吉相智慧伶俐，有随机应变的才能，它清楚：“何时可以走；何时不可走。”
On the other hand, Luckie being wise, learned, and resourceful, knew when to go and when not to.

它们不经过村口，不在白天，不在黄昏，也不在黎明赶路。它只带领鹿群在半夜潜行。所以它们全都进入了森林中，没有一只鹿被杀掉。
They did not pass by the entrance to the village. They did not move in the daytime, at dusk or dawn. Luckie only led his herd to move in the middle of the night, and they managed to enter the forest without a single deer being killed.

在那里住了四个月后，待谷物收割完，它们才从山上下来。
For four months, the herd remained and only came down from the hill when the crops were harvested.

回程时，阿黑与先前一样，连剩余的几只鹿也失去了，它独自一人回来。而吉相则没有失去任何一只鹿，五百只鹿围绕着它，回到了父母的面前。
On the way home, Blackie repeated his previous behavior, lost the rest of his herd and returned alone. On the other hand, Luckie did not lose any deer, five hundred deer surrounded him, when he appeared before his parents.

菩萨见到两个孩子回来，便劝告鹿群，说出这样的偈诵：
As he saw his two sons returning, the Bodhisatta framed this verse to advise the herd of deer:

“行为友善的具戒者能达到目的；

  你看吉相带领一群亲戚回来了；

  但你看阿黑却完全丧失了亲戚。”

“A virtuous person with friendly conduct, achieves his goal.

  Look, Luckie led a host of relatives back;

  Whereas, Blackie has completely lost his relatives.”

菩萨如此为孩子感到欢喜。
This is how the Bodhisatta rejoiced for his son.

后来，活到寿尽，依据其所作的业而逝去。
He lived to the end of his life and passed away according to his kamma.

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导师又说道：“诸比丘，舍利弗不只是现在很光彩地由僧团亲属围绕着回来，即使在过去也曾如此光彩；提婆达多不只是现在失去它的跟随众，即使在过去也是如此。”
The Teacher said, “Bhikkhus, it is not only this time that Sāriputta return gloriously surrounded by the Saṅgha relatives; in the past, it was glorious like this too. So too for Devadatta, he lost his followers this time and also in the past.”

导师阐释这佛法，叙述了这两个故事，把它们连接贯穿起来后，解说道：
The Teacher, explaining this Dhamma-teaching, relating the two stories, putting them together and connecting them, showed that,

“那时的阿黑是提婆达多，它的跟随众是提婆达多的跟随众。吉相是舍利弗，它的跟随众是佛陀的跟随众。它们的母亲是罗睺罗的母亲，而父亲正是我。”

“At that time, Devadatta was Blackie, his followers were Blackie’s followers; Sāriputta was Luckie, his followers were the Buddha’s followers; Rāhula’s mother was their mother, and I myself was their father.”

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尾注 Endnotes

1 关于提婆达多的事，在本生经《康达哈罗司祭官本生》(Khaṇḍahāla Jātaka, J542)中，说明：他指使射手，企图谋害佛陀。在本生经《小鹅本生》(Cullahaṃsa Jātaka, J533)中，说明：他放走醉象(Nāḷāgiri)企图踏死佛陀。在本生经《海商本生》(Samudda Vāṇija Jātaka, J466)中，说明：他堕入地狱。

在法句经注第 17 偈《提婆达多之事》中，记载包含关于提婆达多一生的概述。佛陀让提婆达多出家。如果他不出家，他会作为居士造了重业，但不能造下未来解脱轮迴的因缘。然而，出家后，即使还会造下重业(即：出佛身血和破和合僧)，但却能造下未来解脱轮迴的因缘。因此佛陀让他出家。从现在起再过十万大劫，他将会成为辟支佛，名叫“阿替沙拉”(Aṭṭhissara)。

The anecdotes about Devadatta were recorded as follows: his attempt to kill the Buddha by engaging the archers in the Khaṇḍahāla Jātaka (542); his attempt to kill the Buddha by discharging Nāḷāgiri, the drunken elephant, in the Cullahaṃsa Jātaka (533); and his falling down into the hells, in the Samudda Vāṇija Jātaka (466).

In the Commentary of Dhammapada verse17, Devadatta Vatthu recorded an overview of the life of Devadatta. The Buddha allowed Devadatta to be ordained; if he had remained a layman and committed grievous crimes (bad heavy kamma), it will be impossible for him to create the causes and conditions to liberate from the rounds of rebirth in future existences. But if he became a bhikkhu, no matter how grievous the crimes he committed (e.g. shedding a Buddha’s blood and creating a schism within the Sangha), it would still be possible for him to create the causes and conditions for him to be released from the round of rebirth in future existences. Thus, the Buddha received him into the Order as a bhikkhu. At the end of a hundred thousand cycles of time, he will become a Pacceka Buddha named Atthissara.

2 提婆达多要求的五事：比丘们应该终生都住在森林、托钵乞食、穿粪扫衣、住在树下、不吃鱼和肉。 在此当提婆达多提出五事时，佛陀立刻知道他的目的是分裂僧团。由于对这些要求的让步会阻碍修行的进步，佛陀认为这些要求不合理，并说如果一位比丘想要，可以成为一位住丛林者等等。如果佛陀接受提婆达多的要求，那么就排除了那些身体虚弱或年老后健康衰退的比丘们修行进步的可能性，因此必须住在村里的寺院中以实现他们修行的目标。更多详情，请参阅Venerable Mingun Sayadaw编写的“The Great Chronicles of Buddhas” 。

Five rules demanded by Devadatta: For their entire life, bhikkhus should be forest-dwellers, alms-food-eater, refuse-rag-wearers, tree-root-dwellers, and consume neither fish nor meat. Herein when Devadatta made the five demands, the Buddha knew instantly that his object was to create a schism in the Saṅgha. As concessions to these demands would be a hindrance to spiritual progress, the Buddha considered them unreasonable and said that a bhikkhu can become a forest dweller if he wishes to, and so on. If the Buddha accepted Devadatta’s demands, it would rule out the possibility of spiritual progress for the bhikkhu who is physically weak or the bhikkhu who decline in health at old age and so has to live in the village monastery to achieve his spiritual goal. For more details, please refer to “The Great Chronicles of Buddhas” by Venerable Mingun Sayadaw.

3 即：舍利弗尊者与目犍连尊者。
   i.e., Venerable Sāriputta and Venerable Moggallāna.

4 以上本生经没有描述的情节是简载自 The Great Chronicles of Buddhas, Venerable Mingun Sayadaw 著。
Above incident which is not mentioned in Jātaka is summarised from The Great Chronicles of Buddhas by Venerable Mingun Sayadaw.

5 记载于法句经注第 17 偈《提婆达多之事》。
   Recorded in the Commentary of Dhammapada verses 17, Devadatta Vatthu.

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教师指南

课程提示:

真惠是持久之道—— 一位真正卓越的领导者，任何被他领导过的人们都会期待再被他领导；即使他已经不再领导，乃至当他已经离开世间几十年、几百年，甚至几千年，还是会有一群人继续忠心耿耿地跟随着他无形的领导。到底是什么原因造就如此影响深远的领导人？答案是他的领导能够为跟随者带来真正的惠益。

古往今来的人类历史所出现过的杰出领导人中，究竟有谁能够拥有如此伟大的领导才干和魅力？即使当他已经离开世间几千年后，依然会有许多人愿意跟随着他的领导，遵循着他的教诲呢？那就是佛陀。

因为佛陀能够为跟随者们带来长远的真惠，所以，他的跟随者们即使再难舍也愿意舍，再难忍也愿意忍，以无比坚韧的毅力去完成人类最伟大且最艰难的任务—— 断除贪嗔痴，解脱无始的轮回。由于佛陀的领导是真惠的领导，所以它才会自然持久。

诸恶莫作，众善奉行，自净其意，是诸佛教。—《法句经》第 183 偈

Teacher’s Guide

Lesson:

True benefits are lasting -- A truly outstanding leader is one whose leadership is desired by his followers even though he has relinquished the leadership role. Even if he has left the world for decades, hundreds or even thousands of years, there will still be a group of people faithfully following his lead. What makes an influential leader? Leadership that brings benefits to its followers.

Among the many outstanding leaders in human history who possess charismatic leadership skills, the Buddha is one who has followers faithfully practising his teachings even though he has left the world thousands of years ago.

Because the Buddha offered long-term true benefits, his followers are willing to ‘let go’ no matter how hard it is to do so, to endure no matter how difficult; and with incomparable perseverance, to accomplish the greatest and most difficult task of mankind, i.e., cutting off greed, anger and delusion to attain liberation from endless rebirth. Since the leadership of the Buddha is the leadership of true benefits, it will naturally endure.

Do no evil, cultivate good, purify one's mind, this is the teaching of the Buddhas. ~ Dhammapada verse 183.

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省思 Reflection

跟随明智的领袖，

成为明智的跟随者，

如此才是明智之选。

Follow a wise leader,

Be a wise follower,

This is wisdom.